[ELSHIEKH]

[l] [16] Mohamed S. El-Awa, Punishment in Islamic Law: A Contemporary Study, (Plainfield: American Trust Publications, 2000), p. 51.

[17] Mohamed S. El-Awa, Punishment in Islamic Law: A Contemporary Study, (Plainfield: American Trust Publications, 2000), p. 52.

[18] A category of defining hadith according to the reliability of their transmitters. A weak hadith is not to be rejected outright, but one must find whether the transmitter’s traditions are supported elsewhere.

[19] Mohamed S. El-Awa, Punishment in Islamic Law: A Contemporary Study, (Plainfield: American Trust Publications, 2000), p. 52.

[20] Mohamed S. El-Awa, Punishment in Islamic Law: A Contemporary Study, (Plainfield: American Trust Publications, 2000), pp. 51-52.

[21] Quoted in Muhammad Iqbal Siddiqi, The Penal Law of Islam , (Lahore: Kazi Publications, 1979) p. 103-4.

[22]Quoted in Zwemer op. cit. p.50

[23] See Appendix A. Al-Hedaya, Vol. II, (Hanafi Manual).

[24]The Hedaya: Commentary on the Islamic Laws Vol. II translated by Charles Hamilton (New Delhi: Nusratali Nasri for Kitab Bhavan, reprinted 1985) p. 225

[25]Ibid. pp. 225-6

[26]Ibid. p.227

[27]Ibid. p.227

[28]Ibid. p.245

[29]The Hedaya, op. cit. p. 246, Siddiqi, op. cit, p. 110

[30]The Hedaya, op. cit. p. 228

[31]Ibid. p.22

[32]Ibid. p.231

[33]Ibid. p.232

[34]Ibid. p.232

[35]Ibid. p.232

[36]Ibid. p.235-6

[37]Ibid. p.236

[38]Ibid. p.238

[39]Ibid. p.239, 244-5

[40] See Appendix B, Al-Risala (Maliki Manual).

[41]F.H. Ruxton 'Convert's Status in Maliki Law', Moslim World, Vol. iii, p. 38 quoted in Zwemer op. cit. p.42

[42] www.light-of-life.com/eng/ilaw/15721et3.htm, 21/06/2002

[43]F.H. Ruxton op. cit. quoted in Zwemer p. 43

[44] Nawawi, 'Minhaj-at-Talibin' , quoted in Zwemer op. cit. p.49

[45]Quoted in Zwemer op. cit. p.47-50

[46]Joseph Schacht, An introduction to Islamic Law, (London: Oxford University Press, 1964), p.16

[47]A. Querry, 'Recueil de Lois concernant Les Musulmans Schyites, Vol. ii, quoted in Zwemer op.cit. p.51

[48]Abdul Hameed Abu Sulayman , “Al-dhimmah and Related Concepts in Historical Perspective”, Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Vol. 9 No. 1 (January 1988), pp. 18-19

[49] Mahmassani, S., Arkan huquq al-insan, Dar al-'ilm li'l-malayin, Beirut, 1979, p. 123-124, ref. in Mayer op. cit. p.170

[50]Zwemer op. cit. p.35

[51] Sunday Programme, BBC Radio 4, 12 May 1991.

[52] Abul A‘la Mawdudi, The Punishment of the Apostate According to Islamic Law, Lahore: Islamic Publications, 1963 English translation by Syed Silas Husain & Ernest Hahn, 1994. pp, 46-49.

[53]Abdurahman Abdulkadir Kurdi, The Islamic State: A Study based on the Islamic Holy Constitution, (London: Mansell Publishing Limited, 1984) p. 52-53

[54]Siddiqi op. cit. pp. 108-9

[55] Mohamed S. El-Awa, Punishment in Islamic Law: A Contemporary Study, (Plainfield: American Trust Publications, 2000), p. 53.

[56] Mohamed S. El-Awa, Punishment in Islamic Law: A Contemporary Study, (Plainfield: American Trust Publications, 2000), pp. 54-64.

[57]Gibb, H., and Kramer, J., Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam, (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1974), article on ''Murtadd' by W. Heffening p.413; but see Siddiqi op. cit. p.109 where he states: "There is almost complete consensus of opinion among the jurists that apostasy from Islam (Irtidad) must be punished by death."


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THE END

[l] يرجى نشر هذا المقال على جميع المتحدثين بالأنجليزية ليعرفوا الحقيقة [/l]